堆内存和分配器

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const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
	// we'll be talking about allocators shortly
	var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
	const allocator = gpa.allocator();

	// ** The next two lines are the important ones **
	var arr = try allocator.alloc(usize, try getRandomCount());
	defer allocator.free(arr);

	for (0..arr.len) |i| {
		arr[i] = i;
	}
	std.debug.print("{any}\n", .{arr});
}

fn getRandomCount() !u8 {
	var seed: u64 = undefined;
	try std.posix.getrandom(std.mem.asBytes(&seed));
	var random = std.Random.DefaultPrng.init(seed);
	return random.random().uintAtMost(u8, 5) + 5;
}

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const std = @import("std");
const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;

pub const Game = struct {
	players: []Player,
	history: []Move,
	allocator: Allocator,

	fn init(allocator: Allocator, player_count: usize) !Game {
		var players = try allocator.alloc(Player, player_count);
		errdefer allocator.free(players);

		// store 10 most recent moves per player
		var history = try allocator.alloc(Move, player_count * 10);

		return .{
			.players = players,
			.history = history,
			.allocator = allocator,
		};
	}

	fn deinit(game: Game) void {
		const allocator = game.allocator;
		allocator.free(game.players);
		allocator.free(game.history);
	}
};

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const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
	var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
	const allocator = gpa.allocator();

	var arr = try allocator.alloc(usize, 4);
	allocator.free(arr);
	allocator.free(arr);

	std.debug.print("This won't get printed\n", .{});
}

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const std = @import("std");
const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;

fn allocLower(allocator: Allocator, str: []const u8) ![]const u8 {
	var dest = try allocator.alloc(u8, str.len);

	for (str, 0..) |c, i| {
		dest[i] = switch (c) {
			'A'...'Z' => c + 32,
			else => c,
		};
	}

	return dest;
}

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// 对于这个特定的代码，我们应该使用 std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase
fn isSpecial(allocator: Allocator, name: [] const u8) !bool {
	const lower = try allocLower(allocator, name);
	return std.mem.eql(u8, lower, "admin");
}

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const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
	// again, we'll talk about allocators soon!
	var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
	const allocator = gpa.allocator();

	// create a User on the heap
	var user = try allocator.create(User);

	// free the memory allocated for the user at the end of this scope
	defer allocator.destroy(user);

	user.id = 1;
	user.power = 100;

	// this line has been added
	levelUp(user);
	std.debug.print("User {d} has power of {d}\n", .{user.id, user.power});
}

fn levelUp(user: *User) void {
	user.power += 1;
}

pub const User = struct {
	id: u64,
	power: i32,
};

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pub const User = struct {
	fn init(id: u64, power: i32) *User{
		var user = User{
			.id = id,
			.power = power,
		};
		// this is a dangling pointer
		return &user;
	}
};

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// 我们的返回类型改变了，因为 init 现在可以失败了
// *User -> !*User
fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, id: u64, power: i32) !*User{
	const user = try allocator.create(User);
	user.* = .{
		.id = id,
		.power = power,
	};
	return user;
}

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const say = std.fmt.allocPrint(allocator, "It's over {d}!!!", .{user.power});
defer allocator.free(say);

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const std = @import("std");
const httpz = @import("httpz");

pub fn main() !void {
	// create our general purpose allocator
	var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};

	// get an std.mem.Allocator from it
	const allocator = gpa.allocator();

	// pass our allocator to functions and libraries that require it
	var server = try httpz.Server().init(allocator, .{.port = 5882});

	var router = server.router();
	router.get("/api/user/:id", getUser);

	// blocks the current thread
	try server.listen();
}

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const T = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{});
var gpa = T{};

// 等同于:

var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};

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pub const IntList = struct {
	pos: usize,
	items: []i64,
	allocator: Allocator,

	fn init(allocator: Allocator) !IntList {
		return .{
			.pos = 0,
			.allocator = allocator,
			.items = try allocator.alloc(i64, 4),
		};
	}

	fn deinit(self: IntList) void {
		self.allocator.free(self.items);
	}

	fn add(self: *IntList, value: i64) !void {
		const pos = self.pos;
		const len = self.items.len;

		if (pos == len) {
			// we've run out of space
			// create a new slice that's twice as large
			var larger = try self.allocator.alloc(i64, len * 2);

			// copy the items we previously added to our new space
			@memcpy(larger[0..len], self.items);

			self.items = larger;
		}

		self.items[pos] = value;
		self.pos = pos + 1;
	}
};

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const std = @import("std");
const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;

pub fn main() !void {
	var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
	const allocator = gpa.allocator();

	var list = try IntList.init(allocator);
	defer list.deinit();

	for (0..10) |i| {
		try list.add(@intCast(i));
	}

	std.debug.print("{any}\n", .{list.items[0..list.pos]});
}

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const testing = std.testing;
test "IntList: add" {
	// We're using testing.allocator here!
	var list = try IntList.init(testing.allocator);
	defer list.deinit();

	for (0..5) |i| {
		try list.add(@intCast(i+10));
	}

	try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 5), list.pos);
	try testing.expectEqual(@as(i64, 10), list.items[0]);
	try testing.expectEqual(@as(i64, 11), list.items[1]);
	try testing.expectEqual(@as(i64, 12), list.items[2]);
	try testing.expectEqual(@as(i64, 13), list.items[3]);
	try testing.expectEqual(@as(i64, 14), list.items[4]);
}

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Test [1/1] test.IntList: add... [gpa] (err): memory address 0x101154000 leaked:
/code/zig/learning.zig:26:32: 0x100f707b7 in init (test)
   .items = try allocator.alloc(i64, 2),
                               ^
/code/zig/learning.zig:55:29: 0x100f711df in test.IntList: add (test)
 var list = try IntList.init(testing.allocator);

... MORE STACK INFO ...

[gpa] (err): memory address 0x101184000 leaked:
/code/test/learning.zig:40:41: 0x100f70c73 in add (test)
   var larger = try self.allocator.alloc(i64, len * 2);
                                        ^
/code/test/learning.zig:59:15: 0x100f7130f in test.IntList: add (test)
  try list.add(@intCast(i+10));

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// 现有的代码
var larger = try self.allocator.alloc(i64, len * 2);
@memcpy(larger[0..len], self.items);

// 添加的代码
// 释放先前分配的内存
self.allocator.free(self.items);

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fn parse(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) !Something {
	const state = State{
		.buf = try allocator.alloc(u8, 512),
		.nesting = try allocator.alloc(NestType, 10),
	};
	defer allocator.free(state.buf);
	defer allocator.free(state.nesting);

	return parseInternal(allocator, state, input);
}

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fn parse(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) !Something {
	// create an ArenaAllocator from the supplied allocator
	var arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);

	// this will free anything created from this arena
	defer arena.deinit();

	// create an std.mem.Allocator from the arena, this will be
	// the allocator we'll use internally
	const aa = arena.allocator();

	const state = State{
		// we're using aa here!
		.buf = try aa.alloc(u8, 512),

		// we're using aa here!
		.nesting = try aa.alloc(NestType, 10),
	};

	// we're passing aa here, so any we're guaranteed that
	// any other allocation will be in our arena
	return parseInternal(aa, state, input);
}

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var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
const allocator = gpa.allocator();

var list = try IntList.init(allocator);
defer list.deinit();

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var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
const allocator = gpa.allocator();

var arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
defer arena.deinit();
const aa = arena.allocator();

var list = try IntList.init(aa);

// 说实话，我很纠结是否应该调用 list.deinit。
// 从技术上讲，我们不必这样做，因为我们在上面调用了 defer arena.deinit()。

defer list.deinit();

...

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const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
	var buf: [150]u8 = undefined;
	var fa = std.heap.FixedBufferAllocator.init(&buf);

	// this will free all memory allocate with this allocator
	defer fa.reset();

	const allocator = fa.allocator();

	const json = try std.json.stringifyAlloc(allocator, .{
		.this_is = "an anonymous struct",
		.above = true,
		.last_param = "are options",
	}, .{.whitespace = .indent_2});

	// We can free this allocation, but since we know that our allocator is
	// a FixedBufferAllocator, we can rely on the above `defer fa.reset()`
	defer allocator.free(json);

	std.debug.print("{s}\n", .{json});
}

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{
  "this_is": "an anonymous struct",
  "above": true,
  "last_param": "are options"
}

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const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
	const name = "Leto";

	var buf: [100]u8 = undefined;
	const greeting = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&buf, "Hello {s}", .{name});

	std.debug.print("{s}\n", .{greeting});
}

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const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
	const out = std.io.getStdOut();

	try std.json.stringify(.{
		.this_is = "an anonymous struct",
		.above = true,
		.last_param = "are options",
	}, .{.whitespace = .indent_2}, out.writer());
}